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Independent States |
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ALBANIA (Republika e Shqiperise) |
Regime : Emergent
Democracy Rexhep Kemal
Meidani - Chief of State Born : August 7,
1944, Tirana, Albania Education : Doctor
es Sciences, 1984, Condensed Matter Physics. Tirana
University, Tirana, Albania (78-84) ; Doctor of
Speciality, 1976, Solid State Physics, Univ. of
Paris XI (Orsay), 1974-1976, France ; D.E.A., 1974,
Solid State Physics, Univ. of Caen, France (1973 -
1974) ; A.E.A., 1974, Spetronomie, Univ. of Caen,
France (1973 - 1974) ; B.S., 1966, Physics, Univ.
of Tirana, Tirana, Albania (1962 - 1966) (with
First Class Honours and Joliot-Curie title). Party : PSSH
(Partia Socialiste ë
Shqipërisë / Socialist Party of
Albania) (President since 24 July 1997) President elected by the
People's Assembly for a five-year term ; election
last held 24 July 1997 (next to be held NA
2002) Ilir Meta -
Head of the Government Born : in 1969 Education :
Graduated from Tirana University, Faculty of
Economics. Party : PSSH
(Partia Socialiste ë
Shqipërisë / Socialist Party of
Albania) (Prime Minister since October 29, 1999) Prime minister appointed
by the president. Links : |
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ANDORRA (Principat d'Andorra) |
Regime : Parliamentary democracy
(since March 1993) that retains as its heads of
state a coprincipality ; the two princes are the
president of France and bishop of the See of Urgel,
Spain, who are represented locally by officials
called veguers Jacques René
Chirac - Chief of State
(Co-Prince) Born : on November
29, 1932 in Paris 5th Education :
Graduated from the “Institut d'Etudes
Politiques” in Paris and the Summer School of
Harvard University (USA). (Co-Prince of Andorra since May 17, 1995)
represented by Veguer Jean-Pierre
Courtois
Born : in 1928 Bishop of Urgel (Co-Prince of Andorra since January 30, 1971)
represented by Veguer Francesc Badia
Battalla Marc Forné
Molne - Head of the
Government Born : in 1946 Party : UL
(Uniò Liberal / Partit Liberal Andorra' /
Liberal Union / Liberal Party of Andorra) (Prime Minister since December 7, 1994) Executive Council
president elected by the General Council and
formally appointed by the coprinces ; election last
held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA
2001) Links : |
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AUSTRIA (Republik Österreich)
|
Regime : Federal
Republic Thomas Klestil
- Chief of State Born : in the
Vienna district of Erdberg on November 4, 1932 Education : Primary
and secondary school in Vienna and passed the final
examination in 1952 summa cum laude. He enrolled at
what was then the "College of World Trade" (today
Vienna's University of Economics and Business
Administration), where he completed his studies in
1956, obtaining a Master's Degree "Diplomkaufmann".
He took his Doctorate in Commercial Sciences in
1957. Party : ÖVP
(Österreichische Volkspartei (Austrian
People's Party) (Federal President since July 8, 1992) President elected by
popular vote for a six-year term ; presidential
election last held 19 April 1998 (next to be held
in the spring of 2004) Dr.Wolfgang
Schüessel - Head of the
Government Born : in Vienna on
June 7, 1945 Education :
Following his elementary schooling, he
attended a well-known classical grammar school in
Vienna (the "Schottengymnasium") where he took his
secondary school leaving certificate in 1963. He
went on to study at Vienna University and received
a Doctorate in Law in 1968. Party : ÖVP
(Österreichische Volkspartei (Austrian
People's Party) (Federal Chancellor since February 4, 2000) Chancellor chosen by the
president from the majority party in the National
Council. Links : |
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BELARUS (Respublika Byelarus') |
Regime : Republic
Alyaksandr
Rigoravich
Lukashenka
- Chief of State Born
: on August 20, 1954
in a settlement Kopys, Orsha district, Vitebsk
province. Belarusian Education :
Graduated from two educational establishments:
historical faculty of the Mogilev Teachers'
Training Institute (1975) and the Belarusian
Agricultural Academy (1985). (President since July 20,
1994) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election last
held 24 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA ;
according to the 1994 constitution, the next
election should be in 1999, however LUKASHENKO
extended his term to 2001 via the November 1996
referendum) Uladzimir
Vasilyevich
Yarmoshyn
- Chef du Gouvernement Born : in 1940 (Prime Minister since
February 18, 2000) Prime minister appointed
by the president. Links : |
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BELGIUM (Royaume de Belgique Koninkrijk Belgie)
|
Regime : Constitutional Monarchy
(Federal parliamentary democracy) ALBERT II van Saksen Coburg-Gotha - Chief
of State (Albert Félix Humbert Théodore
Christian Eugène Marie) Born : in Brussels
at the Château du Stuyvenberg, on June 6,
1934 (King of the Belgians since August 9, 1993) The monarchy is
hereditary Guy Verhofstadt
- Head of the Government Born : on April 11,
1953 in Dendermonde Education :
Studying at the University of Ghent, where
he studied law from 1971 till 1975. Jurist in the
liberal trade union and later became a magistrate
with the Industrial Court. (Prime minister since July 12, 1999) Prime minister appointed
by the monarch and then approved by Parliament
Links : |
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BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA (Bosna i Hercegovina)
|
Regime : Emergent
Democracy Jozo Krizanovic
- Presidency
Member (Croat) Born : in 1944 Party : HDZ
(Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica / Croatian
Democratic Community) (Chairman of the Presidency of the Republic
since 14 June 2001) Zlatko Lagumdzija
- Head of the Government Born : on December
26, 1955, in Sarajevo Education/Profession :
After studying at Harvard University he
received a PhD degree in computer science he
returned to Bosnia in 1989 to teach at Sarajevo
University. He is also a professor of Management
Information Systems (MIS) at the School of
Economics at the Computer Science and Electrical
Engineering School, the Director of the Management
and IT Center in Sarajevo, and Head of the
Department of Business Informatics at the School of
Economics, University of Sarajevo. Party : SDP
(Socijaldemokratska Partija Bosne I
Hercegovine-Socijaldemokrati / Social Democratic
Party BiH) Political career :
In 1990 he co-founded the SDP. President of the
Social Democratic Party and member of Parliament,
Bosnia and Herzegovina. (Prime minister since 18 July 2001) Also : Minister of
Foreign Affairs The cochairmen of the
Council of Ministers are appointed by the
presidency. Links : Karlo Filipovic -
President Born : Party :
SDP
(Socijaldemokratska Partija Bosne I
Hercegovine-Socijaldemokrati / Social Democratic
Party BiH) (President since 28 February 2001) Alija Behmen -
Prime Minister Born : December 25,
1940, Split Education/Profession :
1969 Earned Bachelor Degree from the Faculty
of Economics in Sarajevo. 1974 Earned Master Degree
in Marketing. From the Faculty of Economics
received the Ph.D. defending the Doctor's
Dissertation in area of transport costs modeling
and costs' influence to reproduction and economy's
development . After completion of the university
studies used to work at the Institute of Economics
in Sarajevo. Since May 1970 used to work at
Railways Enterprise. Party : SBiH
(Stranka za Bosnu i Hercegovinu / Party for
BiH) Political career :
On the General Elections in 1998, as a candidate of
the Socialist-Democratic Party (SDP) BiH, elected
representative to the Assembly of the Sarajevo
Canton and Deputy Chairman of the House of Peoples
of the Parliament of the Federation BiH. On March
12, 2001 appointed to the office of the Prime
Minister of the Federation BiH (Prime Minister since March 02, 2001) Mirko Sarovic -
President Born : 1956 Party : SDP
(Socijaldemokratska Partija Bosne I
Hercegovine-Socijaldemokrati / Social Democratic
Party BiH) (President since December 16, 2000 - 2st
time) Mladen Ivanic -
Prime Minister Born : September
01, 1958 in Sanski Most, Bosnia and Herzegovina Education/Profession :
Ph. D. 1988, Faculty of Economics,
University of Belgrade M. Sc. 1984, Faculty of
Economics, University of Belgrade B.A. 1981,
Faculty of Economics, University of Banja Luka. (Prime minister since December 2000) |
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BULGARIA (Republika Bulgarija) |
Regime : Republic Petar
Stefanov
Stojanov
- Chief of State Born : on May 25
1952 Education : Law
Degree from the "Saint Kliment Ohridski" University
of Sofia. Party : SDS (Sajuz
na Demokratiãnite Sili / Union of Democratic
Forces) (President since January
22, 1997) President and vice
president elected on the same ticket by popular
vote for five-year terms ; election last held 27
October and 3 November 1996 (next to be held NA
2001) Todor
Kavaldzhiev -
Vice-President Party : SDS (Sajuz
na Demokratiãnite Sili / Union of Democratic
Forces) (Vice-President since January 22, 1997) Simeon
Borisov Sakskoburggotski
(Simeon
II)
- Head of the Government Born
:
in Sofia on June 16,
1937 Education/Profession :
1946-1951 Victoria College, Alexandria,
Egypt. 1951-1957 Lycee Francais, Madrid, Spain.
1958-1959 Valley Forge Military Academy, Wayne, PA,
USA. 1959-1962 Business Administration and Law
courses. Languages :Bulgarian, English, French,
German, Italian, Spanish, and fair knowledge of
Arabic and Portuguese. Business consultant. Party : NDST
(Nacionalno Dvizenie Simeon Tvori (National
Movement Simeon the Second) (Prime Minister since July
24, 2001) Prime minister nominated
by the president. Links : |
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CROATIA (Republika Hrvatska)
|
Regime : Republic Stejepan
Mesic - Chief of State Born : in Orahovica
on December 24, 1934 Education :
Graduated from the Faculty of Law at the
University of Zagreb. Party : HNS
(Hrvatska Narodna Stranka / Croatian People's
Party) (President since February
18, 2000) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election last
held 24 January and 17 February 2000 (next to be
held NA 2005) Ivica Racan
- Head of the Government Born : on February
24 , 1944 in Ebersbach, Germany. Education :
Graduated from the Faculty of Law, University of
Zagreb. Party : SDP
(Socialdemokratska Partija Hrvatske / Social
Democratic Party of Croatia) (Prime Minister since January 27, 2000) Prime minister and deputy
prime ministers appointed by the president.
Links : |
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CYPRUS (Kipriaki Dimokratia)
|
Regime : Republic Glafcos Ioannou
Clerides - Chief of State Born : in Nicosia
on 24 April, 1919 Education : Studied
at the Nicosia Pancyprian Gymnasium and in England.
Studied law at King's College of the University of
London and was awarded, in 1948, the L.L.B. In 1951
he was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn. Party : DISY
(Dimokratikos Sinagermos / Democratic
Coalition) (President since February 23, 1993 - 2°
time) The president is both the
chief of state and head of the
government. Post of vice president is
currently vacant ; under the 1960 constitution, the
post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot. President elected by
popular vote for five-year terms ; election last
held 15 February 1998 (next to be held NA February
2003) Links : |
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CYPRUS (North) (Kuzey Kibris Türk Cumhuriyeti)
|
Regime : Republic (a
disaggregation of the two ethnic communities
inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of
communal strife in 1963 ; this separation was
further solidified following the Turkish
intervention in July 1974 following a Greek
junta-based coup attempt, which gave the Turkish
Cypriots de facto control in the north ; Greek
Cypriots control the only internationally
recognized government ; on 15 November 1983 Turkish
Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTASH declared
independence and the formation of a "Turkish
Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been
recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call
for the resolution of intercommunal differences and
creation of a new federal system of government)
Rauf
Denktash - Chief of State Born : in Baf
(Paphos), Cyprus, in 1924 Education :
Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn, London. (President since February 13 , 1975) Rauf R. DENKTASH has been
"president" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 13
February 1975 ("president" elected by popular vote
for a five-year term); elections last held 15 April
2000 ; Rauf Denktash re-elected , 43.7% after
Dervis Eroglu's (30.2%) withdrawal on the 2d round
(next to be held NA April 2005) Dervis Eroglu
- Head of the Government Born : in Ergazi,
Famagusta in 1938 Education :
Graduated in Medicine from Istanbul University. Party : UBP
(Ulusal Birlik Partisi /
Party of National Unity) (Prime Minister since August 16, 1996 - 2nd
time) Dervis EROGLU has been
"prime minister" of the Turkish Cypriot area since
16 August 1996 ; there is a Council of Ministers
(cabinet) in the Turkish Cypriot area. Links : |
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CZECH REPUBLIC (Ceská Republika) |
Regime : Parliamentary democracy
Václav
Havel - Chief of State Born : October 5,
1936 Prague Education : Worked
as a chemical laboratory technician attending
evening classes at a college preparatory school,
while graduating in 1954. (President since February 2, 1993) President elected by
Parliament for a five-year term ; election last
held 20 January 1998 (next to be held NA January
2003) Milos Zeman
- Head of the Government Born : in Kolin,
Central Bohemia, on September 28, 1944} Education : Prague
School of Economics, from which he graduated in
1969. Party : âSSD
(âeská strana sociálné
demokratická / Czech Social Democratic
Party) (Prime Minister since July 17, 1998) Prime minister appointed
by the president. Links : |
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DENMARK (Kongeriget Danmark)
|
Regime Constitutional
Monarchy MARGRETHE II - Chief of State (Margrethe Alexandrine Thorhildur Ingrid) Born : April 16,
1940 at Amalienborg Education :
Matriculation (private) 1959 ; Previous
examination in philosophy, Copenhagen University
1960 ; Studies for Diploma in Prehistoric
Archaeology at Cambridge University 1960&endash;61
; studies in political science at Århus
University 1961&endash;62, at the Sorbonne 1963, at
London School of Economics 1965 (Queen since 14 January 1972) The monarchy is
hereditary Poul
Nyrup
Rasmussen
- Head of the Government Born : on June 15,
1943 Education :
Economist University of Copenhagen,
1971. Party : SD
(Socialdemokratiet i Danmark / Social Democracy in
Denmark) (Prime Minister since
January 25, 1993) Prime minister appointed
by the monarch Links : |
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ESTONIA (Eesti Vabariik) |
Regime : Parliamentary
Democracy Lennart Georg
Meri - Chief of State Born : on March 29,
1929, in Tallinn Education : Study
abroad, in nine different schools and in four
different languages. His warmest memories are from
his school years in Lycée Janson de Sailly
in Paris. Graduated cum laude from the Faculty of
History and Languages of Tartu University in
1953. Party : I
(Isamaaliit / Fatherland Union) (President since October 5, 1992) President elected by
Parliament for a five-year term ; election last
held August-September 1996 (next to be held fall
2001) Mart Laar -
Head of the Government Born : on April 22,
1960, in Viljandi Education : MA in
Philosophy from Tartu University, 1994 and BA in
History from Tartu University, 1983. Party : I
(Isamaaliit / Fatherland Union) (Prime Minister since March 25, 1999) Prime minister nominated
by the president and approved by
Parliament. Links : |
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FINLAND (Suomen Tasavalta)
|
Regime : Republic Tarja Kaarina
Halonen - Chief of State Born : on December
24, 1943 Education : Master
of Laws, MP Trade union lawyer. Party : SDP (Suomen
Sosialidemokraatinen Puolue/Finlands
Socialdemokratiska Parti /Social Democratic Party
of Finland) (President since March 1, 2000) President elected by
popular vote for a six-year term ; election last
held 06 February 2000 (next to be held
January/February 2006) Paavo Tapio
Lipponen - Head of the
Government Born : on April 23,
1941 Turtola, Finland Education : Editor
of the student newspaper Ylioppilaslehti 1963-65 ;
Freelance reporter for the Finnish Broadcasting
Company YLE 1965-67 ; international affairs
secretary and planning chief of the political
section 1967-79. Party : SDP (Suomen
Sosialidemokraatinen Puolue/Finlands
Socialdemokratiska Parti /Social Democratic Party
of Finland) (Prime Minister since April 13, 1995) Prime minister appointed
from the majority party by the president after
parliamentary elections ; last held 21 March 1999
(next to be held NA March 2003) Links : |
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FRANCE (République Française)
|
Regime : Republic Jacques René
Chirac - Chief of State Born : on November
29, 1932 in Paris 5th Education :
Graduated from the "Institut d'Etudes Politiques"
in Paris and the Summer School from Harvard
University (USA). Party : RPR
(Rassemblement pour la République / Rally
for the Republic) (President since May 17, 1995) President elected by
popular vote for a seven-year term ; election last
held 23 April and 7 May 1995 (next to be held by
May 2002) Lionel
Robert Jospin - Head of the
Government Born : on July 12,
1937 in Meudon, Hauts-de-Seine Education : 1956
"Institut d'Etudes Politiques" in Paris ; 1963
completes his studies at the "ENA" ("École
Nationale d'Administration"), leaving in June
1965. Party : PS (Parti
Socialiste / Socialist Party) (Prime Minister since June
3, 1997) Prime minister nominated
by the National Assembly majority and appointed by
the president. Assembly-last held 25 May-1 June
1997 (next to be held NA May 2002) Links : |
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GERMANY (Bundesrepublik Deutschland)
|
Regime : Federal
Republic Johannes
Rau - Chief of State Born : on January
16, 1931 in Wuppertal-Barmen Education : Already
as a schoolboy was active in the Confessing Church,
those circles in the German Protestant Church that
actively resisted National Socialism. The
Confessing Church dictum "teneo, quia teneor" (I
hold because I am held) he adopted as his personal
motto. Party : SPD
(Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands / Social
Democratic Party of Germany) (Federal President since July 1, 1999) President elected for a
five-year term by a Federal Convention including
all members of the Federal Assembly and an equal
number of delegates elected by the Land Parliaments
; election last held 23 May 1999 (next to be held
23 May 2004) Gerhard
Schröder - Head of the
Government Born : on 7 April
1944 in Mossenberg Education : 1951 to
1958 elementary school, until 1961 theory as a
retail trade buyer, 1962 to 1964 evening institute,
1964 to 1966 Kolleg of the Bildungsweges with
Abitur. 1966 to 1971 study of the jurisprudence in
Goettingen, 1971 first and 1976 second legal state
examination. Political career :
Since 1963 member of the SPD, 1978 to 1980 Federal
leader of the young socialists, since 1977 member
of the executive committee and 1983 to 1993
chairman of the SPD district Hanover, since 1986
member of the SPD party executive committee, since
May 1989 member of the presidency of the SPD, June
1994 until September 1998 regional chairman of the
SPD Lower Saxony. 1986 to 1998 member of the
federal state parliament Lower Saxony, June 1990
until October 1998 Prime Minister of the country
Lower Saxony. Party : SPD
(Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands / Social
Democratic Party of Germany ) (Federal Chancellor since October 27, 1998) Chancellor elected by an
absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a
four-year term ; election last held 27 September
1998 (next to be held in the fall of 2002)
Links : |
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GREECE (Elliniki Dimokratia)
|
Regime : Parliamentary
Republic Konstantinos Dimitriou
[Kostis] Stefanopoulos -
Chief of State Born : in Patras,
in 1926 Education :
Graduate in Law at the University of Athens. Party : PASOK
(Panellino Socialistiko Kinima (Pan-Hellenic
Socialist Movement) (President since March 10, 1995) President elected by
Parliament for a five-year term ; election last
held 9 April 2000-Mr.Stefanopoulos reelected- (next
to be held in 2005) Kostantinos Georgiou
[Kostas] Simitis - Head
of the Government Born : in Athens on
June 23, 1936 Education : Studied
Law and Economics in Germany and in England. He was
awarded the Doctor Juris (Ph.D) degree by the
University of Marburg in 1959. He spend two years
of post-doctoral study at the London School of
Economics between 1961 and 1963. Party : PASOK
(Panellino Socialistiko Kinima (Pan-Hellenic
Socialist Movement) (Prime Minister since January 22, 1996 -
re-elected on April 9, 2000) Prime minister appointed
by the president. Links : |
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HUNGARY (Magyar Köztársaság) |
Regime : Republic Ferenc Mádl
- Chief of State Born : in
Bánd, on January 29, 1931 Education/Profession
: 1955 :
Doctorate in Law from ELTE University ; 1961-63 :
Student at the International Law Faculty in
Strasbourg ; 1956-71 : Research Worker at the
Institute for Juridical Studies of the Academy of
Sciences of Hungary; 1973-80 : Lecturer then,
teacher at ELTE University ; 1985: Elected member
of Harvard's Academy of Trade Law and International
Law 1989 : Juge at the International Court of
Arbitration in Washington. Political career :
Appointed chairman of the government's
Science Policy Committee in August 1990, and he
headed the Human Resources Policy Cabinet between
1992-93. Between 22 February 1993 and 15 July 1994
he was minister for culture and education. Between
February and July of 1994 he filled the post of
chairman of the Council for Higher Education and
Science. Also in 1994, he was appointed chair of
the National Cultural Fund. He stood as the
opposition MDF-KDNP-FIDESZ's nominee for president
of the republic in 1995. From 1999 he has been a
member of the scientific advisory body for the
Orbán government. On 3 May 2000 he was
nominated by Fidesz and the FKGP for the position
of president of the republic, which he accepted,
and was sworn in on 10th August 2000. His duty, by
Constitution, extends to 5 years. (President since August 4, 2000) President elected by the
National Assembly for a five-year term ; election
last held August 2000 - (next to be held in
2005) Viktor
Orbán - Head of the
Government Born : on May 31,
1963 in Székesfehérvár Education :
1982-1987 : Eötvös Lorand (ELTE)
University in Budapest, Faculty of Political and
Juridical Sciences. Party : Fidesz-MPP
(Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége /
Alliance of Young Democrats) (Prime Minister since July 6, 1998) Prime minister elected by
the National Assembly on the recommendation of the
president. Links : |
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ICELAND (Lydhveldidh Ísland) |
Regime : Constitutional
Republic Ólafur Ragnar
Grîmsson - Chief of State Born : in
Ísafjördur, in Northwest Iceland on May
14, 1943 Education :
Enrolled in the Reykjavík Higher
Secondary Grammar School, graduating in 1962. He
was involved in extra-curricular activities during
his school years and was president of the school's
old debating society. His path then led him to
Manchester University, where he studied economics
and political science. He took his BA degree in
1965 in these subjects and five years later, in
1970, took his doctorate in political science at
the same University. Party : AB (President since August 1, 1996) President elected by
popular vote for a four-year term ; election last
held 29 June 1996 (next to be held NA
2001) Davíd
Oddsson - Head of the Government Born : on January
17 , 1948 in Reykjavík, Iceland Education :
Graduated from Reykjavík College
1970. Law degree from the University of Iceland
1976. Party : SSF
(Sjálfstæisflokkurinn / Independence
Party) (Prime Minister since April 30, 1991) Prime minister appointed
by the president Links : |
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IRELAND (Eire)
|
Regime : Republic Mary Patricia
McAleese - Chief of State Born : on June 27, 1951 Education :
Graduating from Queen's University Belfast, was
called to the Northern Ireland Bar and practised
mainly in criminal and family law. Party : FF (Fianna
Fáil /'Soldiers of Destiny') (President since November 11, 1997) President elected by
popular vote for a seven-year term ; election last
held 31 October 1997 (next to be held NA November
2004) Bartholomew Patrick
[Bertie] Ahern - Head of
the Government Born : on September
12, 1951, in Dublin Education : St.
Patrick's National School, Drumcondra ; St. Aidan's
Christian Brothers, Whitehall ; Rathmines College
of Commerce and University College Dublin. Party : FF (Fianna
Fáil /'Soldiers of Destiny') (Prime Minister since June 26, 1997) Prime minister nominated
by the House of Representatives and appointed by
the president. Links : |
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ITALY (Repubblica Italiana)
|
Regime : Republic Carlo Azeglio
Ciampi - Chief of State Born : in Leghorn,
on December 9, 1920 Education : In 1941
graduated in Letters and obtains a Diploma from the
"Scuola Normale" in Pisa. In 1946 graduation in
Jurisprudence from Pisa University. (President since May 18, 1999) President elected by an
electoral college consisting of both Houses of
Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a
seven-year term ; election last held 13 May 1999
(next to be held NA 2006) Silvio
Berlusconi -
President of the Council of Ministers Born
: September 29, 1936
in Milan Education/Profession
: Studied law at the
University of Milan. Formed Fininvest in 1975 which
now controls Italy's three private Mediaset
television stations and Mondadori, the biggest
publishing house. Party :
Forza Italia / Italian
Force Political experience
: Politically,
Berlusconi's breakthrough came in 1993 when he
founded Forza Italia (Go Italy), the chant of fans
of Italy's national football team. In 1994, he won
national elections and became prime minister in a
coalition with the Lega Nord (Northern League) and
Alleanza Nazionale (National Alliance). Resign
seven months later. (President of the Council
of Ministers since June 11, 2001) Links : |
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LATVIA (Latvijas Republika) |
Regime : Republic Vaira
Vike-Freiberga
- Chief of State Born : in Riga,
Latvia, on December 1, 1937 Education : School
in French Morocco, University studies in Canada
(B.A. and M.A., Univ. of Toronto, Ph.D., McGill
Univ.). Retired as professor emerita from the
Universite de Montreal in 1998, after being a
professor of psychology there since 1965. (President since July 8,
1999) President elected by
Parliament for a four-year term (amended from a
three-year term on 4 December 1997) ; election last
held 17 June 1999 (next to be held by NA
2003) Andris
Berzins - Head of the Government Born : in Riga,
August 4, 1951 Education : 1979 -
The Latvian University, the Faculty of History and
Philosophy. Party : LC
(Savienîba "Latvijas ceïð" / Union
Latvia's Way) (Prime Minister since May 5, 2000) Prime minister appointed
by the president Links : |
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LIECHTENSTEIN (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) |
Regime : Hereditary
Constitutional Monarchy PrinceHANS-ADAM II
- Chief of State (Johannes Adam II Pius Ferdinand Alois Josef
Maria Marko d'Aviano) Born : on February
14, 1945 Education :
Elementary school Vaduz ; he enrolled in
1956 the well-known Scot High School Vienna, and
which last Gymnasialjahre spent it in Zuoz (grey
federations), where he obtained his "maturierte" in
spring 1965 and stored at the same time the German
Abitur. Subsequently, he studied St.Gallen
political economy at the university and locked 1969
with the Lizentiat. (Reigning Prince since November 13, 1989) The monarchy is
hereditary Otmar Hasler
- Head of the Government Born :
in 28 September
1953 Education : Party
: FBP
(Fortschrittliche Bürgerpartei in
Liechtenstein / Progressive Citizens' Party in
Liechtenstein) (Chief of the Government since 05 April
2001) Following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party in the
Diet is usually appointed the head of government by
the monarch and the leader of the largest minority
party in the Diet is usually appointed the deputy
head of government by the monarch (last held on 9
and 11 February 2001 (next to be held by NA 2004)
Links : |
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LITHUANIA (Lietuvos Respublika) |
Regime : Parliamentary
Democracy Valdas
Adamkus
- Chief of State Born : in Kaunas on
November 3, 1926 Education : Studied
at the Ausra (Dawn) Gymnasium in Kaunas ; Upon
graduation from the Lithuanian Gymnasium in Germany
entered the Faculty of Natural Science at the
Munich University. (President since February 25, 1998) President elected by
popular vote for a five-year term ; election last
held 21 December 1997 and 5 January 1998 (next to
be held NA 2003) Algirdas
Mykolas
Brazauskas
- Head of the Government Born :
on 22 September 1932
in Rokiskis Education/Profession :
1956 Graduated from
Kaunas Polytechnic Institute in 1956 as a civil
engineer specialising in hydrotechnical
equipment.
Doctor of Science in
Economics, Doctor honoris causa (Honorary Doctor)
of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Kiev
University, Minsk University of Humanities, Kaunas
University of Technology. Party : LDLP
(Lietuvos demokratinÎ darbo partija /
Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania) Political experience
: 1965 Appointed
Minister of the Building Material Industry. 1967
Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee.
1974 Granted a degree of Doctor of Science in
Economy. 1988 Elected 1st Secretary of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania. 1990
Elected Chairman of the Lithuanian Democratic
Labour Party (LDLP). 1989 Elected a member of the
Supreme Council the Reconstituent Seimas of the
Republic of Lithuania. March 1990-January 1991
Appointed Depurty Prime Minister of the 1st
Government of the Republic of Lithuania. 1992.
Member of the Seimas. Elected Chairman of the
Seimas. 25 November 1992-25 February 1993 Acting
President of the Republic of Lithuania. 1993-1998.
Elected President of the Republic of Lithuania by
direct suffrage, receiving 60 percent of all votes.
Pursuant to the Constitution, suspended his
membership in the LDLP. 2001 Elected Chairman of
the Social Democratic Party. (Prime Minister since July
3, 2001) Premier appointed by the
president on the approval of Parliament. Links : |
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LUXEMBOURG (Grand-Duché de Luxembourg)
|
Regime : Constitutional Monarchy
Grand DucHENRI - Chief of
State (Henri Albert Gabriel Félix Marie
Guillaume) Born : on April 16,
1955 in Betzdorf Castle, Luxemburg Education : Doctor
Honoris Causa (Humane Letters) from the Sacred
Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut (USA) and
Doctor h.c. of Law from Miami University, Oxford,
Ohio (USA). Doctor h.c.of Economics from the
University of Khon Kaen (Thaïland) and Doctor
rer. pol. h.c. from the University of Tr&eg |
UNMIBH
